The fungus survives on crop residues. They are most damaging, when the moisture is available more than 5 hrs.

Fungus that produces leaf spot on the base of cabbage head, cauliflower initial base leaf. In cauliflower, affects the curds and shows brown rot. The spots are initially small begin on older leaves, which shows spots surrounded by yellow discoloration. During the high disease pressure, the spots coalesce and forms a blight appearance and defoliation occurs

• Spray Kavach / M-45 / Score @ 2g/lt of water.

Portions of the under surfaces of infected leaves become covered with a white to grey fluffy “down” comprised of the fungus spores. The upper surfaces of the leaves have purple, yellow or brown regions that correspond to the sporutating areas on the under surfaces of the leaves. Infected young plants may die. An early leaf infection may enter a plant’s vascular system turning it black. Cauliflower curd & cabbage heads may all become unmarketable if infected.

Ridomil (1.5g/ltr. Water)

First appear on older leaves as white powdery residue primarily on the upper leaf surface. Circular patches or spots appear on the lower surface of the leaves. These gradually merge & leaf surface appears to be dusted with white powder. Infection on cabbage or cauliflower can cause reduced head or Curd size. Fruits of the affected plants do not develop fully & remain small. Leaf yellowing & finally leaves dropping occurs.

Carbendazim (1ml/ ltr. Water) Bayleton / Calixin @ 0.3g/ litre of water. Sulphur (2g/ ltr water)

Dark brown spots with concentric rings on leaves, fruits; stem gives board effect. Fruit Becomes infected, generally through the calyx or stem attachment during green or ripe stage. Fruit lesions attain considerable size, occasionally involving the entire fruit; usually have concentric ringing; mostly drop.

High humidity, with frequent rain; a temperature (24-29 ° C) favors the disease development.

• Polyram (Metiram)- 2gm/ltr. water. Quintal (Carbendazim + Iprodione)- 2gm/ltr. Water.
• Cultivate resistant variety.

Lesions on fruit – large, black & canker like, become corky & resemble small scabs with irregular margins. Leaf Spots- Numerous small, angular to irregular, water soaked spots & have a yellow halo, centers dry out frequently tear.

• Streptocycline (6gm/10 ltr. Water) Blitox (Copper Onychloride) – (2-3gm / ltr. Water)
• Crop Rotation – Cereal & leguminous crops.
• Cultivate resistant Variety.

Soil borne disease. High temperature & wet soil favours the disease development. More prevalent during high soil moisture with 19-250

Plant shows partial wilting, which becomes permanent & progressive, affecting more vines. Leaf shows yellowing, loose turgidity & drooping, eventually the plant dies. Roots are not affected. In older plants, leaves wilt suddenly & internally vascular bundles in the collar region become yellow or brown.

• Soil drenching with Topsin- M (Thiophanate methyl)-(2g/ ltr. Water) Bavistin (Carbendazim)/Companion(Carbendazim+Mancozeb)-(2g/ ltr. Water) at 5-6 days interval.

Wilting of lower leaves followed by sudden & permanent wilt of the entire plant without yellowing. Vascular browning occurs, bacterial streaming from vascular elements occurs when cross sections of the lower stem are suspended in water.

Infected potato tubers. Soil, perpetuates in soil for 2 years. Solanaceous crops are susceptible.

• Soil drenching with Streptocycline (6gm/10 ltr. Water) Blitox (Copper ony chloride)- (2-3gm/ ltr. Water)
• Cultivate resistant variety.
• Crop rotation- cereal & leguminous crops.

Chlorosis of leaves. Inward curling. Lateral branches increases. Complete sterility/Deformed fruits

• Confidor (Imidacloprid)-(0.25-0.5ml/Ltr. Water) Pegasus(Diafenthiuron)-(0.5-1.0gm/ ltr. Water) Actara (Thiamethoxam)-(0.25-0.5 gm/ ltr. Water) Pride (Acetamiprid)-(0.75 gm/ ltr. Water).
• Cultivate resistant Variety.

Seed borne bacterial disease & also lives in soil and crop debris. High humidity and warm climate, needs moisture during the night / morning

Yellow-orange v-shaped lesions that occur along the cotyledon and leaf margins. The yellow tissue turns to yellow-brown and the lesion progresses to a V-shaped area with the base of the V toward the leaf centre. Once the symptom advanced, entire plant shows dried leaf, under higher moisture plant rots. In cabbage, heads are smaller and lower leaves may fall off.

• Copper Oxychloride (@2g / lt water) + Streptocycline (0.5g / lt water).

Yellow coloured veins in leaves. Leaf turns completely yellow. In extreme cases leaf become totally light yellow or cream coloured & there is no trace of green colour.

• Soil application- Carbofuran (4Kg/acre). Confidor (Imidacloprid)-(0.25-0.5ml/ ltr. Water). Pegasus (Diafenthiuron)- (0.5-1.0 gm/ltr. Water). Actara (Thiamethoxam)- (0.25-0.5 gm/ ltr. Water)
• Remove & destroy virus affected plants.
• Cultivate resistance varieties.

Leaf size is reduced & plants remain stunded. Twisting of main stem & lateral branches. Bending of plants appears to be creeping on the soil surface. Twisting of leaf petiole is conspicuous. Leaves become thick & leathery in structure. Severe cases new leaves also exhibit bold enactions, thickening & curling. Fruits are few with pale yellow colour deformed, small & tough in texture.

• Remove & destroy virus affected plants.
• Cultivate resistance varieties.
• Soil application- Carbofuran (4Kg/acre). Confidor (Imidacloprid)-(0.25-0.5ml/ ltr. Water). Pegasus (Diafenthiuron)- (0.5-1.0 gm/ltr. Water). Actara (Thiamethoxam)- (0.25-0.5 gm/ ltr. Water)

Dark coloured dry rot on the end of the fruit where the flower was. The problem is caused by a lack of calcium in the developing fruit.

Calcium Nitrate / Calcium Chloride.

Symptom starts when the fruit starts ripening. Water soaked sunken lesions & rapidly expand. Fully expanded lesion are sunken & range from dark red to light tan coloured. Later the fruit starts rotting.

The diseases is severe when the ripening coincides with rains / during rainy season with over head irrigation. The pathogen survives in the soil & crop details.

• Good water management.
• Spray M-45 /Kavach @ 2g/ ltr water.

Appearance of hairy structure on the curd is characterized by fuzziness which results from any temperature higher or lower than the optimum required for a particular cultivar or too large a temperature fluctuation during the curd development.

The purple colour is due to formation of anthocyanins also found in red cabbage.

High temperatures shortly after the start of the curd formation may cause appearance of small leaves in the curd.

Curds to become uneven & Fuzzy. Low temperature just after planting, warm temperatures during curd development. Late supply of nitrogen to plants. Premature initiation of floral buds results from any temperature higher or lower than the optimum required or too large temperature fluctuation by irrigation during the curd development.

Bronze colour marking on upper leaf. Downward curling. Necrotic spots. Stiffening & upward rolling of leaves. Shoots necroses. Wilt & Die. Fruits- yellow spots with concentric bronze colour, red 7 yellow bands on ripened fruits.

Confidor (Imidacloprid)-(0.25-0.5ml/ ltr. Water). Curacron (Profenofos)- (1-1.5ml/ ltr. Water). Actara (Thiamethoxam)-(0.25-0.5gm/ ltr. Water). Pride (Acetamiprid)-(0.75gm/ ltr. Water).

Any check in the vegetative growth of the seedling may induce buttoning. Transformation from vegetative to curding of cauliflower is dependent on temperature. Late planting of tropical early varieties causes buttoning.

Root Knot Nematode Very active in sandy soil & having very wide host range. Survive in the soil for long period in the form of egg masses. Affected plant results in stunted growth. Wilting of the plant during hat & water stress. Form root knots & result in failure of overall plant growth.

• Deep ploughing during the hot summer.
• Application of Neem Cake.
• Soil Fumigation.

These are found in large numbers in the ventral side of the leaves under the protective cover of the web. Both nymphs suck the sap & devitalize the plants causing murda complex. In severe cases infested fruits become brownish & hard skin.

Spray miticides Ethion/ Dicofol/ Wettable sulphur or Vertemac @ 2ml/ ltr water.

Colonies of mites are found feeding on the ventral surface of leaves under fine silken web protective cover. The affected leaves turn yellow & curl & gradually crumpled. During severe infestation the fruits & entire plant affected. Warm temperature favors higher multiplication.

Sulphur @ 2ml/ ltr. Water. Vertemac @ 2ml/ ltr. Water. Confidor/ Actara @ 1ml / ltr. Water.

Attack on leaf upper surface & photosynthesis get affected & hence the yield.

Vertimac @ 2ml/ ltr. Water..

The nymphs & adults suck the sap from the leaves & from the tender young growing fruit tips. The affected leaves would have honey, which attract sooty molds

Confidor / Actara/ Acephate/ Pride @ 1ml/ ltr. Water

Both adult & nymphs lacerates the tissue & feed on the young leaves,becomeupword curled & brittle. Fruits would show scars. Transmit Tospovirus.

Spray systemic insecticides: Confidor @1ml /ltr. Water. Actara @ 1gm /ltr. Water. Nuvacron @ 2ml/ ltr. Water

On hatching, young larvae feed by scraping epidermal leaf tissue producing white membranous patches. Advance stage larvae bite the leaves & makes small holes. In severe condition, leaf completely damages with holes.

Spray success @ 0.5ml/ ltr or Avaunt @ 1ml/ ltr.

Larvae feed on the leaves making holes in the lamina. Caterpillars also feed on the seeds by making irregular holes in the pods. These are nocturnal in habit & remain hidden in the soil or in the leaf canopy in the day.

Cartap Hydrochloride (Caldan/Padan) @ 2gm/ ltr. Water.

The insect lay the egg singly on fruits, flowers & shoots. The newly emerged larvae tender fruits & shoots. Affected shoots wither & droops drown. With the formation of flower & fruits, the larvae bores in to the tender plant parts & damages the internal fruits & affects the fruit quality.

Cartap Hydrochloride (Caldan/ Padan) @ 2gm/ ltr. Water.

The newly emerged larvae feeds on tender leaves & during later instar the larvae feeds on older leaves. The insect defoliates the leaves.

Metasystox/ Rogor/ Proclaim (2ml/ ltr. Water) Cartaphydrochloride (Caldan/ Padan) @ 2gm/ ltr. Water.

Panicle initiation.

Greenish spore balls are visible between the glumes.

Copper Oxychloride (3g/ltr. Water)

Tillering to panicle initiation.

Leaf – lessions run along of the leaf.

Steptocyclin (100 mg/ltr. Water) + Bavistin (1g/ltr. Water)

Tillering to panicle initiation.

Leaves – water soaked streaks running along the length of the leaf turn yellow to orange.

Steptocyclin (0.5 mg/ltr. Water) + Bavistin (1g/ltr. Water)

Tillering to panicle initiation.

Greyish green lesion between the water and the leaf blade.

Seedling to panicle initiation.

Grey centers large in the middle tapering to ends (Eye spot). Attacks in nodes on stem Panicle attack (neck rot).

Metasystox (1.5-2 or ml/ltr. Water)

Seeding to tillering.

Molted young leaves. Older leaves are yellow to orange yellow. Stunted with slight reduction in tiller number.

Metasystox (1.5-2 or ml/ltr. Water)

Primarily a problem in the spread of Tungro disease.

Seeding to panicle initation (1-4)

Tungro (plants virus) causes stunting, reduced tillering, leaves light yellow.

5 per hill Life cycle: 23-30 days.

Virus spread or direct sucking

Control generally not required (Required in Tungro-prone area) Cypermethrin(USTAAD 10% EC 1 Lt/Ha)

Seeding to tilling.

Distortion and whitening/yellowing of margins of young leaves

Not considered a problem at most levels of damage)

4 weeks (approximately)

Rarelyan economic problem; widespread; Incidence greater in wet season

Translucent larvae found within early rice tillers.

Rasp growing point and margins of developing leaves

Prevention is only recommended – when damage is visible, the pest has already left the crop.

Distortion and whitening/yellowing of margins of young leaves

Not considered a problem at most levels of damage

Tillering Stage.

Inward curling of upper leaf surface. Suck the chlorophyll content of leaf surface and gives whitish appearance.

Chlorpyriphos + Cypermethrin (2ml/ltr. Water)

Milky grain stage

Withered and discoloured

Chlorpyriphos (2ml/ltr. Water)

Tillering to milk stage.

Lodging of mature plants.Control Measures: Imidachloprid (0.5 ml/ltr Water)Acephate (2-2.5 g/ltr Wat

• Premature yellowing of leaves leading to drying.Drying of plants occurs in isolated circular patches causing hopper burn.
• Lodging of mature plants.Control Measures: Imidachloprid (0.5 ml/ltr Water)Acephate (2-2.5 g/ltr Water)

Seeding to panicle initiation.

Dead heart (Stunted or dead tillers); Whitehead (Unfilled panicle).

Fatera (4kg/acre) Carbafuron (Furodon) @ 12 kg/acre Chlorphyriphos + Cypermethrin (2ml/ltr. Water) Lamdacylothrin (2ml/ltr. Water) Cartap Hydrochloride (2ml/ltr. Water)